http://www.ijfma.ir/ International Journal of Finance & Managerial Accounting en daily 1 Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0330 http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24276.html The budgeting system is one of the most efficient systems that has been widely used in developed and developing countries during the last decade. Budgeting is necessary to estimate and measure the performance of government organizations and is considered a useful management tool. In this research, the success factors of implementing performance-based budgeting in the public sector for sustainable development have been investigated. This research is applied in terms of purpose and is a descriptive-survey type of research. Using the researcher-made questionnaire tool, information was collected from the studied statistical population, and after scoring the received answers, the data were analyzed. The statistical population in the current study was 300 experts and auditors of government organizations and the sampling method was simple random sampling, which according to Morgan's table, the desired sample size was equal to 169 experts and auditors of government organizations. Was considered. In this research, the structural equation model was used and finally, it was analyzed using Amos and SPSS22 software. The results of the research showed that perceived fit, performance expectation, internal dynamics and external motivation have a significant effect on performance-based budgeting and also performance-based budgeting in the public sector has a significant effect on organizational sustainability and organizational resilience. http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24277.html Sustainability performance has gained considerable attention in recent years as corporations increasingly highlight their environmental, social, and economic (ESE) achievements to demonstrate their dedication to sustainable practices. However, the impact of such performance on corporate financial performance remains a topic of debate, especially in emerging economies. This study examines the link between ESE sustainability practices and financial stability among manufacturing companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2015 to 2022. Using Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) indicators, a dataset from 130 listed manufacturing companies was analyzed through multivariate regression. Fi-nancial stability, represented by the possibility of bankruptcy, is measured using the Z-Score index. Results show that sustainability performance, encompassing environmental, social, and economic aspects, significantly mitigates bank-ruptcy risk and enhances financial stability. These findings support the importance of sustainability performance for investors, encourage management to prioritize sustainability, and guide regulatory bodies and stock exchanges in im-proving sustainability disclosures and practices. http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24278.html AbstractTalent discovery is a topic that is of particular importance in the world of sports, identifying the factors of success paves the way to reach the peak of glory in this path. Therefore, the process of discovering athletes through talent discovery and participation in an organized training program is one of the most important topics in sports today. The methodology used in this study is qualitative-quantitative, in which the grounded theory method was used in the qualitative part and the FDAHP technique was used in the quantitative part. To identify the components, interviews were conducted with 15 experts using open, axial, and selective coding. The results of this qualitative research also led to the identification of 71 effective components, and after implementing three stages of fuzzy Delphi with a data-driven approach, 30 components factors affecting sports economics in Iranian sports talent, including government support; economic factors; cultural and social factors; location factors; technology; laws and regulations; creating social justice; improving the sports economy; ... and the age of starting sports. Keywords: Talent search, sports talent search, sports economics, grounded theory, fuzzy Delphi http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24279.html This study investigates dependencies and volatility spillovers between the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) and gold and silver futures markets using time-varying BB7 conditional copula and Dynamic Conditional Correlation (DCC) Multivariate GARCH (MGARCH) models. Analyzing daily returns of futures contracts and TSE-listed equities from 2021 to 2022, a period marked by Iran’s sanction-driven volatility, we test seven hypotheses using autoregressive moving average, vector autoregression, Granger causality, copula-based correlations, and DCC-MGARCH models. Statistical analysis was conducted with Excel 2016, R Studio 4.3.1, and Eviews 13. Results confirm ARCH and GARCH effects in gold futures and equity returns, bidirectional Granger causality between gold futures and equities, unidirectional causality from silver futures to equities, and significant positive correlations with stronger lower-tail dependence. Volatility spillovers indicate gold amplifies equity volatility, while silver stabilizes it, shaped by TSE’s low liquidity and regulatory constraints. These findings, unique to Iran’s sanction-sensitive market, suggest dynamic price-limit calibration for regulators and conditional hedging strategies for investors, enhancing risk management in emerging markets. http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24280.html Comprehensive studies have been conducted to update the information system and improve the performance of internal audit. Internal audit can help management make decisions more efficiently and effectively. This research investigates the effect of business intelligence tools on increasing the efficiency of internal audit with a case study in the Middle East. This research used a questionnaire construed on the previous research and the opinion of elites. Its statistical population was the companies in the Middle East with 230 internal audit personnel. 196 employees of these companies were selected as a statistical sample according to Morgan's table. Therefore, this research analyzes the studies and examines their findings. The analysis of the results of the questionnaire reveals that there is a significant relationship between business intelligence tools and an increase in internal audit productivity. Finally, this research shows that the key to business success for many companies is the correct use of data through business intelligence tools to make appropriate decisions. http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24281.html In financial markets, banks play a fundamental role in providing financial services, managing risks, and maintaining the stability of the financial system. Since banks act as intermediaries between customers and the financial market, the management and disclosure of financial risks are of particular importance. The aim of this study is to design a risk disclosure model for banks listed on the Iranian capital market. The statistical population in the qualitative phase of the research includes managers, academic professors, and experts familiar with banking and capital markets, considered as experts in this field. Nine experts participated in the interviews, and the sample size was determined using the theoretical saturation method. Data were collected and analyzed through interviews. The data collection tool at this stage was MAXQDA software. The results indicated that risk disclosure in Iranian banks contributes to enhancing financial transparency, improving corporate governance, and building public trust. Moreover, factors such as laws and standards, legal interactions, and regulatory oversight influence the risk disclosure process. Ultimately, achieving more effective economic and financial objectives requires increased transparency and improvement of the risk disclosure process in Iranian banks http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24282.html Abstract:The present research studies and prioritizes the components of the country's industrial development regulatory governance in medical equipment . to maintain national health and maintain social health in the domestic and foreign dimensions, determining a model for implementing regulatory governance and achieving these goals can be an effective step in achieving the country's industrial development regulatory governance in medical equipment. The statistical population of this study is managers and experts in the field of regulatory governance and medical equipment production and distribution industries in Tehran. The present study is a survey and applied type, in which 12 experts were identified in the qualitative section and interviews were conducted to identify effective components. In the quantitative part, using the fuzzy ANP technique, the identified components were prioritized based on the experts' views in two stages using pairwise comparisons. The results indicate that the most important factor affecting the governance of medical equipment regulation is political and legal factors, the most important component of which is transparency; in second place are social and technical factors, the most important component of which is culture and public customs; in third place is the structure of the regulatory system, the most important component of which is post-release monitoring and evaluation; in fourth place are structural and technical factors, the most important component of which is medical equipment life cycle management; and in last place are the economy and the market, the most important component of which is market diversity. below http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24122.html Purpose: The basis of decision-making by investors and participants in the capital market is the information published by companies in the form of financial statements. Investors can fully benefit from this information when it is timely, complete, accurate, and understandable. However, if this information is distributed unfairly, unequally, or asymmetrically, it can lead to different results that affect the capital market and investors. Abnormal auditors' fees also impact the quality of financial reporting. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effect of abnormal auditors' fees on investors' opinions on the Tehran Stock Exchange.Method: This study is an applied and methodologically causal correlation. To achieve the research objectives, sample data from 86 companies listed on the stock exchange was collected using the systematic elimination model over a 10-year period from 2013 to 2022. The research hypothesis was tested using a linear multivariate regression model.Findings: The results of the hypothesis test showed that paying abnormal fees to the auditor overshadowed the auditor's independence. This questioning of the ability to validate financial reports intensified the divergence of investors' opinions.Conclusion: When auditors request unexpectedly lower fees, business unit managers may increase the quality of financial reporting. However, if audit firms lose their independence due to unexpected fees, business unit managers may lack the motivation to report high-quality financials. This worsens deviations in financial statements and their impact on users and beneficiaries, eroding trust in the audit community http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24283.html The customary management accounting system (MAS) is implemented to perceive the organization's economy-oriented plans, though it overlooks the social and environmental strategies. This research explored the effects of MASs on sustainability reporting strategies. The statistical population to identify the characteristics of the MAS and sustainability reporting techniques comprised 31 academic and professional experts, including professors of management accounting and financial managers of the stock exchange-listed companies, selected through the snowball sampling method. Similarly, the statistical population to validate the identified characteristics and strategies and investigate the correlation between them comprised 384 financial managers of listed companies, with their sample size determined by Cochran's formula. The characteristics of the MAS and sustainability reporting strategies were determined by the fuzzy Delphi (FD) technique, followed by validating the correlation between them using structural equation modeling (SEM) based on the partial least squares (PLS) method. As with the FD results, the MAS's characteristics included influence, relevance, value, and trust. The SEM results confirmed the validity of the identified characteristics and strategies while advocating the significant effect of the MAS on sustainability reporting strategies. Accordingly, the MAS based on the sustainability reporting approach as an information system can pivotally identify the goals of sustainable development. Based on the results, companies need to include sustainability information in and the MAS should remain accountable for delivering this information and ensuring sustainable value for the company's stakeholders. http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24215.html Background: The auditing profession is one of the most organized and disciplined professions in the world, and due to the type and nature of the services it provides, it is also characterized by trust and credibility. The continuation of this credibility and trust and its strengthening also depend on the intellectual and practical adherence of professional members to behavioral and ethical standards.Method: The aim of this study is to validate and measure the auditors' ethical warning model and its constructs. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, and for this purpose, data were collected from 101 experts who were selected using the convenience sampling method. The research data were analyzed using the coding method and using Smart-PLS software.Findings: The results of the research model test show that the path of causal conditions through the phases of emotional intelligence, feelings and thoughts, professional identity, level of expertise, skills and individual orientation to their job, ability to detect violations, sufficient and appropriate experience, information technology skills, strengthening auditors' judgment, cognitive and personal competencies (calculating characteristics, Motivations, systems thinking, strategic thinking, and critical thinking), knowledge-based competencies (general knowledge, auditing knowledge, and performance evaluation knowledge), and skill-based competencies (communication, leadership, team-building, management, and technology-based skills) are factors that influence the development of auditors' alertness. http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24284.html The purpose of this article is to investigate the spillover of volatility of macroeconomic variables in Iran's capital market with the multivariate GARCH approach. Macroeconomic variables include inflation rate, exchange rate, oil price, gold coin price and GDP. Understanding the volatility spillover of macroeconomic variables in the capital market provides important information on the efficiency level of the capital market. In an efficient market, the risk and return of an asset should not be predicted based on the risk and past returns of other assets. For this purpose, monthly data from Farvardin 1386(March 2007) to Esfand 1402 (March 2024) and multivariate GARCH method with BEKK specification have been used to test the hypotheses. The results show that except for the interest rate, there is a significant relationship between the volatility of macroeconomic variables and the total stock market index; Therefore, the spillover of volatility of macroeconomic variables on Iran's capital market is confirmed, which shows the need to pay attention to the stability of economic policies in order to create stability in the capital market. http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24285.html The investment portfolio optimization problem is a topic that has always been of interest to financial researchers. The aim of this research is to develop the two-dimensional Markowitz portfolio optimization model into a five-dimensional model considering the mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and time factor, and then identify the optimal portfolio for investment. In this regard, the return of each share was identified using daily stock price information. Then, the average return, return variance, skewness, and kurtosis of the stock returns of the companies under study were identified in the short-term, medium-term, and long-term time periods, and then the optimal portfolio was identified based on the calculated values and the efficient utility function. To test the model, five main industries of the Tehran Stock Exchange were used, including chemical industries, petroleum products and coke, basic metals, cement, lime and gypsum, and pharmaceuticals. The most profitable company from each industry was selected, including Persian Gulf Petrochemical Industries with the trading symbol Fars, Isfahan Oil Refining with the trading symbol Shapna, Isfahan Mobarakeh Steel Company with the trading symbol Foolad, Tehran Cement Company with the trading symbol Setran, and Pars Daru Company with the trading symbol Depars. The results indicate that the proposed model is able to identify optimal portfolios in different time periods and investors choose a portfolio consisting of Foolad and Setran stocks to obtain maximum utility in the short term. In the medium term, Foolad and Setran stocks and invest in Fars and Foolad stocks in the long term. http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24286.html This research assesses and manages inflation risk and international crises in funding investment projects. Using an analytical-descriptive approach and a case study in a pharmaceutical company and with the help of Python coding, the effects of different inflation rates and cost of capital (WACC) on NPV and IRR metrics were analyzed. The numerical findings of the study showed that with the inflation rate rising from 10% to 20% and then 30%, the internal rate of return (IRR) of the project would increase from 32.55% to 46.40% and 59.54% respectively. Also,in the base scenario with an inflation rate of 20% and a capital cost of 27.25%, the net present value (NPV) of the project amounted to 12,056 million riyals was calculated. The sensitivity analysis confirmed that even in the most pessimistic scenario (inflation = 30% and WACC = 35%), the NPV of the project remains positive and equal to 5,349 million riyals.The results suggest that in projects with inflation-adjusted revenues, the increase in inflation can be accompanied by an increase in NPV and IRR, provided that the IRR exceeds the WACC. This research confirms the need for integrated management of macro and micro risks for the success of long-term investment projects. http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24293.html The aim of this study is to examine the relationships between leader–member exchange, organizational commitment, and audit quality-reducing behaviors in private sector of the Iranian auditing market. For this purpose, a sample of 245 auditors working in private audit firms was randomly selected. In this study, we use survey methods to collect data by using a questionnaire. The research hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM).The findings indicate that leader–member exchange has a significant positive impact on organizational commitment and a significant negative impact on audit quality-reducing behaviors. Moreover, the results confirm that organizational commitment has a significant and negative effect on audit quality-reducing behaviors. The evidence from this study suggests that enhancing trust-based relationships between managers, supervisors, and staff in audit firms can improve audit quality.the findings offer valuable insights for regulators and policymakers in the auditing profession by highlighting the influence of supervisor–auditor relationships on behaviors that threaten audit quality. http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24092.html The audit committee represents a specialized and independent arm of the board of directors, established to reinforce oversight functions within the organization. Its responsibilities span the evaluation of financial reporting quality, the verification of auditor independence and effectiveness, the inspection of internal controls, and the supervision of corporate risk-handling frameworks.This research sets out to construct a model for evaluating firms' financial performance, centering on the configuration of the audit committee and integrating the intermediary effects of intellectual capital, financialization, and moral hazard. The proposed conceptual framework is tested through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM).Financial performance is gauged using metrics such as Return on Assets, Risk-Adjusted Rate of Return and Economic Value Added . Meanwhile, moral hazard is represented by indicators like insufficient investment and inadequate managerial effort. Findings reveal that audit committee attributes specifically its size, degree of independence, and members’ financial expertise play a significant role in enhancing firm financial outcomes. These improvements occur via the expansion of intellectual capital, the rise in financialization activities, and the reduction of moral hazard risks. http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24096.html “Real Earnings Management (REM) presents a significant challenge to aligning corporate practices with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in emerging markets. This study investigates how REM hinders SDG achievement by undermining Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosures and sustainable practices. Focusing on a case study in TSE, an emerging market with unique socio-economic and cultural dynamics, the research explores the interplay between REM and SDG-related outcomes. Data from publicly listed firms in TSE (2018-2023) are analyzed to assess how REM affects ESG performance and SDG alignment. Findings reveal REM, through expense manipulation and overproduction, distorts financial transparency, reduces stakeholder trust, and impedes progress toward SDGs, particularly SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions). Firms engaging in high REM exhibit lower ESG scores and weaker SDG contributions, driven by short-term profit motives. Cultural and regulatory factors in emerging markets exacerbate these effects, creating barriers to sustainable development. The research proposes enhanced regulatory oversight, stronger governance mechanisms, and stakeholder engagement to mitigate REM’s adverse impacts. Integrating agency and stakeholder theories, the study offers a novel perspective on how financial manipulation undermines global sustainability goals. Results have implications for policymakers, corporate leaders, and investors aiming to foster sustainable development in emerging economies. The study also underscores the need for tailored ESG frameworks accounting for local market dynamics. This article links REM to SDG outcomes, offering practical recommendations for aligning corporate strategies with global sustainability agendas in emerging markets.” http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24154.html This study develops and presents a corporate tax model based on audit quality. The proposed model aims to enhance financial transparency and reduce tax evasion. Additionally, it seeks to gain investor confidence and facilitate compliance with tax regulations. Audit quality refers to the accuracy, comprehensiveness, and reliability of audits, ensuring that companies' financial statements align with reality and adhere to accounting principles and standards. This quantitative study employed a descriptive survey method with a parametric sample. The statistical population comprised 152 experts in accounting, auditing, taxation, and finance, as well as individuals involved in accounting and tax affairs. Data were collected via a questionnaire, validated through prior use in similar organizations, with reliability confirmed via Cronbach’s alpha. The corporate tax model was analyzed through four dimensions: explanatory tax components, causal conditions, underlying conditions, and intervening conditions. Results indicated that all four dimensions significantly influence audit quality. The findings underscore that enhanced audit quality can substantially improve a nation’s tax and economic systems. http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24192.html Studies indicate that investor behavior plays a crucial role in equity valuation. Accordingly, their investment decisions are primarily based on accounting earnings information, which can influence stock price and return fluctuations. The main objective of this research is to design an accounting information value Relevance model based on the valuation and earnings selectivity approach. To identify and categorize influential variables affecting accounting information value, opinions from fundamental analysts in the market (as executive experts) and academic experts were considered. Specifically, 120 fundamental analysts contributed to determining the initial variables, and 28 academic experts helped in selecting variables suitable for preliminary models. Moreover, to develop an optimized and localized model, data from 170 publicly traded companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange between 2014 and 2023 were analyzed. The findings show that out of 28 surveyed variables (from fundamental analysts' perspectives), only 23 were deemed essential. Among these, 15 variables (from academic experts' perspectives) were validated and categorized within the framework of valuation and earnings selectivity. Additionally, the optimized models indicate that in the first model (dependent variable: price), four variables were added, and in the second model (dependent variable: return), eight additional variables were introduced compared to the initial model. http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24225.html The most important concern of financial managers is value creation in the supply chain process. The emergence of new technologies such as blockchain in this field requires more detailed studies. The purpose of this research is to express the scenario planning 20-year of financial managers on the role of blockchain in the supply chain with a collective agreement approach in listed companies. The present research is of exploratory and mixed type. For this purpose, the research questions were first answered by studying specialized texts and soliciting opinions from 20 experts. The first research question show that drivers are divided into 12 main axes: governance; technology; economic; financial; political, cultural and legal; social and demographic; Environment, Energy and Resources; Companies and Organizations; Education and Research; Management Accounting; Auditing and finally Supply Chain were categorized. Based on Fuzzy Delphi calculations, drivers were approved with an acceptance threshold score of 0.7. Based on collective agreement of experts, Probable, desirable, and possible futures and desirable future scenarios include familiarity with prerequisites, skills related to blockchain security, programming requirements for blockchain, smart contracts, blockchain platforms, non-technical skills (finance and etc.). Based on collective agreement of experts and analytical hierarchy process strategies and programs were respectively Comparative studies and feasibility research; Creating infrastructure; Formulating the necessary laws and regulations; Educational programs and finally updating new technologies. The supply chain plays a fundamental role in the financial management of listed companies, and modern technologies are essential for this. http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24229.html Identifying Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs) and managing the associated risks is a crucial element of Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Countering the Financing of Terrorism (CFT) strategies. Asset disclosure for political officials, aimed at fostering transparency, preventing corruption, and reducing the risk of power abuse, has become a major tool for national policymakers and supervisory bodies. However, institutional, cultural, and technical complexities pose significant challenges to the effective implementation of asset disclosure and PEP identification.This article, using an analytical-comparative method, expands on the theoretical foundations of political risk, critiques international practical experiences (such as those of Estonia and Georgia), and analyzes domestic and international regulations. It demonstrates that the effectiveness of an asset disclosure system hinges on the simultaneous realization of three fundamental pillars: (1) establishing an integrated system connected to financial institutions for active monitoring, (2) designing independent and technical mechanisms for verifying declared assets, and (3) strengthening robust enforcement measures alongside institutional culture-building.The findings indicate that in the absence of any of these pillars, the asset disclosure system becomes a formalistic and ineffective tool, and merely imitative solutions will prove inadequate. Consequently, this research proposes the native strategy of "Integrated Smart Monitoring." This strategy involves enhancing data infrastructure, mandating digital verification, and establishing progressive enforcement mechanisms, all designed in consideration of Iran's legal and cultural requirements. Comparative experience confirms that genuine transparency and effective PEP risk management can only be achieved through such a comprehensive and coordinated approach. http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24288.html This study explores the dynamics of sustainable banking and evaluates how financial and environmental policies shape bank performance. A system dynamics model was developed and simulated using Vensim software to capture the internal feedback structure of banking operations. Empirical and secondary data from 2018–2024 (1397–1403 in the Persian calendar) were used to construct and validate the model. The framework centers on two interconnected components—financial performance and sustainability—linked through a reinforcing profitability loop and a balancing sustainability–return trade-off loop.After validation, the model was employed to forecast behavior for 2025–2031 (1404–1410) under three policy scenarios: (1) investment in technology, (2) expansion of green financing, and (3) stronger adherence to ESG principles. The simulation results show that sustainability-driven strategies guide banking performance toward steady growth and continuous improvement. Combined policies yield more stable and synergistic outcomes compared to isolated interventions. Sensitivity analysis confirms the robustness and flexibility of the model against parameter variations.Overall, the findings demonstrate that integrating technology investment, green finance development, and ESG commitment offers the most effective approach for achieving sustainable banking. Such integrated strategies not only improve profitability and resilience but also enhance public confidence and reduce risk. The study underscores the critical role of simulation and scenario analysis in crafting efficient policy frameworks and supporting strategic decision-making in the banking sector. Future research may advance this field by expanding dynamic models, applying multi-bank datasets, and integrating behavioral dimensions of sustainability. http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24291.html This study conducts a comparative analysis of factors influencing capital market efficiency in Iran, Russia, Turkey, and Poland from 1975 to 2020. Data were sourced from the Tehran Stock Exchange, World Bank, World Federation of Exchanges database, and Global Economy website. Stock market efficiency was measured using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Efficiency levels were compared with Iran’s market via Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric tests. Multiple regression analysis identified key factors affecting efficiency. Findings reveal that Iran’s capital market ranks below Russia and Poland but above Turkey. While Iran lags in indicators such as stock market capitalization to GDP (SMC) ratio, stock market turnover (SMTR) ratio, and Stock Market Value Traded percent of GDP (SMVT), it leads in the stock market capitalization of the top ten companies (SMC10). Iran also outperforms Poland and Russia in stock market return percent (SMR) and stock market value traded of the top ten companies (SMVCT10), and surpasses Russia and Turkey in the number of listed companies (NC). This study contributes to theoretical foundations by elucidating Iran’s capital market efficiency relative to similar emerging markets, highlighting its unique strengths and weaknesses across diverse metrics. http://www.ijfma.ir/article_24345.html One of the requirements of the structuralist and critical thinking approach in the role of the auditor is adherence to audit values to ensure goals such as skepticism and impartiality in the audit process. The purpose of this research is determination relationship between audit operations indicators and critical thinking with audit quality. The present study is descriptive and correlational in nature and is applicable to audit organizations and audit firms. The statistical population of the study is accounting and auditing professors, certified public accountants, and doctoral students who are employed in accounting and auditing and the sample size was 384 people. In order to collect information, a researcher-made questionnaire was used, the validity and reliability of which were examined and confirmed. In order to analyze the information, a structural equation model was used with the help of smart pls software. The results showed that audit operation indicators and critical thinking have a significant relationship with audit quality, meaning that (1) audit operation input indicators have a significant relationship with audit quality. (2) Audit process indicators have a significant relationship with audit quality. (3) Audit output indicators have a significant relationship with audit quality. (4) Critical thinking has a significant relationship with audit quality. This indicates that auditing is a multidimensional process that requires integration across all processes from planning to operations and reporting to improve its quality.