A study of the Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Tourism in Iran with Emphasis on Institutional Quality

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 faculty of economics, university of sistan and baluchestan,zahedan

2 Faculty of Economics, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, zahedan.

Abstract

The tourism industry has a great potential to generate foreign exchange income and stimulates employment. The industry plays an important role in the process of economic development of Iran. The capacity of an economy to benefit from tourism depends on its access to (foreign) capital to invest in its infrastructures. Given Iran's limited oil revenues and the low rate of fixed capital formation, attracting foreign tourists and foreign direct investment (FDI) are among the urgent needs. In this regard, an investigation of factors affecting these two variables are of particular importance for policymakers. The present study investigates the relationship between these two variables from 1995 to 2016 with regard to institutional quality. For this purpose, Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregressions was applied. The results show that foreign direct investment, institutional quality and tourism have positive correlations. With the decline of institutional quality in Iran's economy after 2000, the positive correlation between foreign direct investment and tourism has weakened. Therefore, institutional quality is one of the most important determinants of the correlation between FDI and tourism in the Iran's economy.

Keywords


  • Amini, A., Rismanchi, H., & Farhadikia, A. (1389). Analysis of the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in promoting total factor productivity (TFP). Journal of Tourism Planning and Development,5(43), 43-80.
  • Baradarn shoraka, H., Maleksadati, S. (1387). The Impact of Good Governance on Economic Growth in Selected Countries. Strategy Quarterly,1(49) 27-52.
  • Barrowclough, D. (2007). Foreign investment in tourism and small island developing states. Tourism Economics, 13(4), 615-638.
  • Behboodi, D,. & astan, F.(1389). The relationship between tourism and foreign direct investment in developing countries journal of Financial Economics,4(11), 1-18.
  • Brohman, J. (1996). New directions in tourism for third world development. Annals of tourism research, 23(1), 48-70.
  • Copeland, B. R. (1991). Tourism, welfare and de-industrialization in a small open economy. Economica, 515-529.
  • Craigwell, R., & Moore, W. (2008). Foreign direct investment and tourism in SIDS: Evidence from panel causality tests. Tourism analysis, 13(4), 427-432.
  • Del Negro, M., & Otrok, C. (2007). 99 Luftballons: Monetary policy and the house price boom across US states. Journal of Monetary Economics, 54(7), 1962-1985.
  • Dunlop, A. (2003). Tourism services negotiation issues: Implications for CARIFORUM countries. Report for the Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery, mimeo.
  • Eickmeier, S., Lemke, W., & Marcellino, M. (2015). Classical time varying factor‐augmented vector auto‐regressive models estimation, forecasting and structural analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 178(3), 493-533.
  • Eilat, Y., & Einav*, L. (2004). Determinants of international tourism: a three-dimensional panel data analysis. Applied Economics, 36(12), 1315-1327.‏
  • Hazari, B. R. (1993). An analysis of tourists' consumption of non-traded goods and services on the welfare of the domestic consumers. International Review of Economics & Finance, 2(1), 43-58.‏
  • Khadaroo, J., & Seetanah, B. (2007). Transport infrastructure and tourism development. Annals of tourism research, 34(4), 1021-1032.
  • Khoshnevis Yazdi, S., Nateghian, N., & Sheikh Rezaie, N. (2017). The causality relationships between tourism development and foreign direct investment: an empirical study in EU countries. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 9(3), 247-263.
  • Klein, M., Aaron, C., & Hadjimichael, B. (2001). Foreign direct investment and poverty reduction. The World Bank.
  • Knack, S., & Keefer, P. (1997). Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country investigation. The Quarterly journal of economics, 112(4), 1251-1288.‏
  • Koop, G., & Korobilis, D. (2013). Large time-varying parameter VARs. Journal of Econometrics, 177(2), 185-198.
  • Lea, J. (1988). Tourism and development in the third world. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Lim, C. (1997). An econometric classification and review of international tourism demand models. Tourism Economics, 3(1), 69-81.
  • Lim, C., & McAleer, M. (2002). Time series forecasts of international travel demand for Australia. Tourism Management, 23(4), 389-396.
  • Liu, J. C., & Var, T. (1986). Resident attitudes toward tourism impacts in Hawaii. Annals of tourism research, 13(2), 193-214.
  • Long, P. T., Perdue, R. R., & Allen, L. (1990). Rural resident tourism perceptions and attitudes by community level of tourism. Journal of travel research, 28(3), 3-9.
  • Mamipour, S., & Nazari, K. (2014). The contribution of tourism development to economic growth in the Iranian provinces. Journal of International Economics and Management Studies, 1(1), 99-120.
  • Mehnatfar, Y.(1395). The effect of tourism revenues on attracting foreign direct investment. Quarterly Journal of Tourism and Development,5(3), 79-97.
  • Mehrara, M,. & Asadian, Z. (1388). The Impact of Good Governance on Foreign Direct Investment in Medium-Sized Countries. Journal of International Economic Studies. 20(2), 1-20.
  • Lotfi, H,. Soltani,. H., & Eghali. N. (1387) Tourism, government and political economy in Iran. Journal of Planning Studies of Human Settlements.3(7), 87-110.
  • Milne, S. (1990). The impact of tourism development in small Pacific Island States: an overview. New Zealand Journal of Geography, 89(1), 16-21.
  • Naudé, W. A., & Saayman, A. (2005). Determinants of tourist arrivals in Africa: a panel data regression analysis. Tourism Economics, 11(3), 365-391.
  • North, D. C. (1991). Institutions. Journal of economic perspectives, 5(1), 97-112.‏
  • Primiceri, G. E. (2005). Time varying structural vector autoregressions and monetary policy. The Review of Economic Studies, 72(3), 821-852.
  • Proença, S., & Soukiazis, E. (2008). Tourism as an economic growth factor: a case study for Southern European countries. Tourism Economics, 14(4), 791-806.
  • Redzuan, O. Norlida. HMS (2006). Tourism Determinants of the Asia and Pacific Market. International Journal of Management Studies, 13, 197-216.
  • Salleh, N. H. M., Othman, R., & Sarmidi, T. (2011). An analysis of the relationships between tourism development and foreign direct investment: An empirical study in elected major asian countries. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(17).
  • Sanford Jr, D. M., & Dong, H. (2000). Investment in familiar territory: Tourism and new foreign direct investment. Tourism Economics, 6(3), 205-219.‏
  • Satrovic, E., & Muslija, A. (2018). Causality relationship between foreign direct investment and tourism. International Journal of Economics and Administrative Studies, 22, 65-76.‏
  • Selvanathan, S., Selvanathan, E. A., & Viswanathan, B. (2012). Causality between foreign direct investment and tourism: Empirical evidence from India. Tourism Analysis, 17(1), 91-98.
  • Shahabadi, A., & Mehri Teliabi, F. (1395). Impact of the governing body of the host country on the tourism revenue of selected developing countries. Quarterly Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 5(16) , 8-30.
  • Shepotylo, O. (2006), Regional Governance Infrastructure: the Positive Externality on the Inflow of Foreign Direct Investment, University of Maryland.
  • Sinclair, M. T. (1998). Tourism and economic development: A survey. The journal of development studies, 34(5), 1-51.
  • Slesman, L., Baharumshah, A. Z., and Wohar, M. E. (2015). Capital Inflows and Economic Growth: Does the Role of Institutions Matter? International Journal of Finance & Economics 20 (3), 253-275.
  • Tang, S., Selvanathan, E. A., & Selvanathan, S. (2007). The relationship between foreign direct investment and tourism: empirical evidence from China. Tourism economics, 13(1), 25-39.‏
  • Tecle, Y. H., & Schroenn, J. L. (2006). The contribution of HRD to tourism-led development in an African context: economics. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 9(4), 444-457.‏
  • Tosun, C. (2001). Challenges of sustainable tourism development in the developing ) world: the case of Turkey. Tourism management, 22(3), 289-303.
  • Witt, S. F., & Witt, C. A. (1995). Forecasting tourism demand: A review of empirical research. International Journal of forecasting, 11(3), 447-475.‏
  • https://data.worldbank.org/
  • https://www.unwto.org/
  • https://www.wttc.org/